A decentralized application, often referred to as a “DApp,” is a type of software application that runs on a decentralized network, typically a blockchain, rather than being hosted on a centralized server. Think of it as a new way of creating apps, where no single entity controls the data or the backend operations.
How is a DApp Different from a Regular App?
To understand a DApp, let’s first look at how a regular app works. Most of the apps you use every day—like social media, banking or gaming—are centralized. This means they are controlled by a specific company that owns the servers where all the data is stored. If these servers go down, or if the company decides to change how the app works (or even shut it down), users have little to no control over what happens.
A DApp, on the other hand, is built on blockchain technology, which is a network of computers (nodes) that work together to ensure that data is stored across many locations, making it decentralized. Instead of a single company controlling everything, DApps’ operations and data are distributed across this network. This new approach has the potential to give users more control, transparency and security than ever before.
DApps are crucial in the web3 world because they embody the principles of decentralization, transparency and user empowerment. Unlike traditional apps, DApps can:
Be censorship-resistant: No single authority can block or censor a DApp, making it more resilient to external pressures.
Provide greater security: Since data is distributed across a blockchain, it’s easier to fortify the application against attacks that could compromise the system.
Ensure transparency: All transactions and operations are recorded on the blockchain, where they are publicly viewable and able to be verified by anyone.
Centralized vs. Decentralized Applications: Key Differences
Let’s break down the differences between centralized and decentralized apps to make this clearer:
Feature
Centralized App
Decentralized App (DApp)
Control
Controlled by a single entity (e.g., a company)
No single point of control; governed by code or community
Data Storage
Data stored on centralized servers owned by the company
Data stored across a decentralized network of nodes
Security
Vulnerable to hacks if the central server is compromised
More secure as data is spread across the blockchain
Censorship
Can be censored or altered by the controlling entity
Resistant to censorship; governed by smart contracts
Transparency
Operations and data are typically hidden from public view
Fully transparent; all operations are on the blockchain
Downtime
Can experience downtime if servers fail
Minimal downtime as it relies on a distributed network
Examples of DApps
Uniswap: A decentralized exchange that allows users to trade cryptocurrencies without relying on a central authority or paying fees to intermediaries.
Aave: A decentralized finance (DeFi) platform where users can lend and borrow cryptocurrencies without needing a bank or financial institution.
Rep.run: A decentralized social media platform built on GalaChain, designed to restore data ownership and control to users.
GalaChain was first built by a centralized company (Gala Games) in order to power its growing ecosystem of web3 entertainment through the core brands of Gala Games, Gala Music and Gala Film. But in a unique approach to web3 ecosystem building, GalaChain’s long-term plan was always to move its network toward full decentralization as it continued to grow.
GalaChain is a primary blockchain (layer 1) built to host not only its own platforms, but an entire universe of decentralized applications that can exist within unique channels (layer 2) that are part of the chain. Each of these channels and all their DApps are powered by GalaChain, but also contribute to the network’s increased scalability, supporting the tokenomics of $GALA and enhancing consumer use of the blockchain.
Imagine a long train that travels at astounding speeds, never stopping. Each train car is independently managed by its creator, containing whatever cargo (data) is required for its goals. No matter how many cars are added to the train, it continues carrying all cargo with ease. In fact, as more cars are added, the train can even gain stability and speed. The train is called GalaChain and the train cars are its channels.
2024 marks the year that GalaChain shifted from a proprietary blockchain for an entertainment company to an open blockchain upon which new developers can build as they please. With easy-to-access tools and creator resources, GalaChain is a perfect place for traditional tech innovators to “get their feet wet” with web3 tech.
Decentralized applications represent a significant shift in how we think about software, offering new possibilities for user control, transparency and security. As the web3 world continues to grow, DApps are set to play a crucial role in this decentralized digital future.
DeFi, short for Decentralized Finance, refers to a financial system that operates on blockchain technology, enabling peer-to-peer transactions without intermediaries like banks or traditional financial institutions. In simple terms, it is a new, decentralized way to conduct financial transactions using smart contracts, cryptocurrencies, and blockchain networks instead of relying on centralized control.
Think of it this way: if traditional finance (TradFi) is like a bank where you need a middleman to approve, process, and validate your transactions, DeFi is like a vending machine that automatically handles everything when certain conditions are met, without needing human approval or oversight. DeFi allows for borrowing, lending, trading, saving, and investing — but it removes the need for trusted third parties.
DeFi is an evolution of financial technology (FinTech), which traditionally aimed to make finance more accessible and efficient using digital platforms. While FinTech largely innovates within the bounds of existing regulatory frameworks and institutions, DeFi steps outside of these centralized models entirely, using blockchain to create an alternative financial ecosystem.
The FinTech boom in the early 2000s brought about digital wallets, online banking, and mobile payment systems, making financial transactions easier and more accessible. However, these still relied on banks, payment processors, and regulators. DeFi took this a step further by completely removing the need for these intermediaries. With the rise of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, DeFi was born, offering decentralized applications (dApps) that mimic and improve upon traditional financial services.
Why is DeFi Important in the Web3 World?
DeFi plays a central role in the Web3 movement by democratizing finance. It gives users more control over their assets and offers access to financial services to anyone with an internet connection, regardless of their geographic location or social status.
In Web3, where decentralization and user sovereignty are core principles, DeFi aligns perfectly with these goals. Instead of having centralized institutions control money and finance, DeFi allows users to interact directly with financial markets and services through decentralized networks. This aligns with the broader Web3 ethos of decentralizing control, enhancing transparency, and increasing user autonomy.
DeFi vs. Traditional Finance (TradFi)
In traditional finance (TradFi), users must place a significant amount of trust in financial institutions. Banks, for example, hold customer funds, process payments, and issue loans, and customers must trust these institutions to operate fairly and securely. These systems are centralized, meaning a single authority, like a bank or government, controls them. For generations, this has been the norm, and while secure in many ways, it also brings risks such as institutional failures, corruption, and exclusion from services for unbanked populations.
DeFi, on the other hand, is built on trustless systems. Instead of trusting banks or payment processors, users trust the blockchain and smart contracts. These are automated programs that execute transactions only when specific conditions are met, and because they are run on a decentralized network, they cannot be tampered with by any single entity. This removes many of the vulnerabilities seen in TradFi, such as bank failures or unauthorized account freezes.
Example: A DeFi Lending Protocol
Let’s say you want to take out a loan in a traditional bank. You go through a lengthy process involving paperwork, credit checks, and the bank’s approval. In a DeFi protocol, you could simply put up some cryptocurrency as collateral, and the smart contract would automatically issue a loan to you in a different cryptocurrency, without needing a middleman or a credit check. The terms of repayment, interest, and other conditions would be encoded in the contract, which executes them automatically.
The Role of Trust in Centralized vs. Decentralized Finance
In centralized finance (CeFi), trust is a fundamental requirement. Users must trust that banks and financial institutions will safeguard their money, conduct transactions fairly, and manage risks appropriately. These institutions often operate under government regulations, providing a sense of security, but they are still subject to human error, mismanagement, or even malfeasance.
In decentralized finance, trust is minimized through the transparency and security of blockchain technology. Because all transactions and smart contract codes are visible on the blockchain, users can independently verify the system’s integrity. This transparency significantly reduces the need for trust in a central authority. Blockchain’s cryptographic security further ensures that transactions cannot be altered or forged.
The Risks of DeFi
While DeFi removes many of the risks associated with centralized intermediaries, it’s not without its own challenges. The early nature of DeFi technology means it still carries risks that users should be aware of:
Smart Contract Vulnerabilities: Smart contracts are only as good as their code. Bugs or exploits can lead to significant losses, as seen in several high-profile DeFi hacks.
Lack of Regulation: DeFi operates largely outside of traditional regulatory frameworks. While this offers freedom and flexibility, it also leaves users without legal recourse in the event of theft or fraud.
Scams and Bad Actors: The openness of DeFi allows anyone to create a decentralized application, which unfortunately includes scammers. Users must exercise caution and thoroughly research projects before investing or using their services.
Despite these risks, DeFi represents a transformative shift in how financial services can operate. It opens up a new world of possibilities for individuals who were previously excluded from the financial system, while also giving users more control over their own assets.
The Future of DeFi
As DeFi matures, many of the current risks will likely be mitigated through technological advances and better security practices. We can expect to see greater collaboration between DeFi and traditional financial systems, with the possibility of hybrid models that blend the best of both worlds.
DeFi is not just an innovation in finance; it’s a movement that seeks to fundamentally reshape the financial landscape. By leveraging blockchain technology, DeFi removes the need for centralized institutions, offering a more open, transparent, and secure financial system. While it still has growing pains, the potential for decentralized finance to revolutionize the way we interact with money is undeniable.
Imagine a company or an organization that instead of being controlled by a CEO or a board of directors, is run by the people who use its services or participate in its community. This is essentially what a DAO, or Decentralized Autonomous Organization, is.
In simpler terms, a DAO is like a cooperative business or club where everyone involved gets a say in how things are done. But instead of having meetings in person, all decisions and rules are managed online, using blockchain technology. This setup ensures that the organization is decentralized, meaning no single person or group has complete control.
It’s autonomous because it essentially operates itself according to rules encoded in smart contracts, which are self-executing pieces of code on a blockchain.
How Does a DAO Work?
DAOs work through a series of smart contracts, which are basically programs running on a blockchain. These contracts define the rules of the organization, automatically enforcing decisions made by the community. Here’s a breakdown:
Proposals: Any member of the DAO can propose changes, new projects or other decisions about current operations or the future of the DAO.
Voting: Members then vote on these proposals. In a truly decentralized system, each vote is weighted by how much stake (often in the form of tokens) each member holds.
Execution: Once a proposal is approved by the majority, the smart contract automatically executes the decision without need for any human intervention.
DAOs represent a shift from traditional hierarchical structures to more community-driven models. Here’s why they’re significant in the web3 world:
Decentralization: Power is distributed among all members instead of concentrated into a single centralized entity, reducing the risk of corruption or poor management. This distribution also reduces the consumer-to-business trust necessary for an effective organization. In fact, DAOs could almost alternately be called democratized autonomous organizations, but decentralization is a more apt description.
Transparency: Every decision and transaction is recorded on the blockchain, making the organization’s operations fully transparent. For centralized organizations to achieve this level of transparency, there must be a well established routine of sharing information with the users, such as the way publicly owned companies share quarterly financial reports or how a traditional non-profit organization’s financials are shared with its community.
Inclusivity: Anyone with internet access and the required tokens can participate, making DAOs more inclusive than traditional organizations. Because of their ability to essentially manage themselves, DAOs lend themselves well to greater specialization, allowing people to participate in governance in fields for which they are especially qualified, no matter where they live in the world.
Global Reach: DAOs can operate across borders, allowing global participation without the need for a centralized authority.
Examples of DAO Benefits
To make this concept more relatable, let’s consider a few scenarios:
Community-Driven Development
Imagine a group of indie game developers who come together to create a new game. Instead of going through a traditional publisher, they form a DAO. Players and fans can buy tokens to join the DAO and vote on game features, funding allocation, or marketing strategies. This way, the game evolves according to the community’s preferences, and profits are distributed among all contributors.
In this example, the use of a DAO not only covers the governance of their project, but also provides development funding through the sale of tokens.
Charitable Organizations
A charity could be run as a DAO, where donors get to vote on which causes should receive funding. Because all transactions are on the blockchain, donors can see exactly how their money is being used, ensuring transparency and trust. As a result of these benefits, more people could be inclined to donate.
Government Organizations
While the governments of the world are understandably hesitant to begin using a technology as new as blockchain, DAOs would serve well for many aspects of government operations. As traditional democratized voting processes become more corruptible, the security and transparency of DAOs could help protect voting rights and election sovereignty, aligning more closely with the will of the people.
While the Gala ecosystem doesn’t currently operate as an official DAO, it shares many of the principles that make DAOs powerful. At Gala, community input is highly valued, especially through platforms like Discord and Telegram, where feedback is actively monitored and considered in decision-making.
For instance, Gala’s Founder’s Nodes—a network of community-run nodes—play a crucial role in maintaining and securing the GalaChain, which is a key part of the Gala ecosystem. These nodes are operated by community members, and the decisions regarding the ecosystem’s future increasingly involve community voting and participation, which mirrors the decentralized governance seen in DAOs. Nearly all important decisions about $GALA tokenomics are presented to the Founder’s Node community for a governance vote before being put into practice.
Gala’s Path Toward Decentralization
Gala is not just stopping at community feedback. The long-term vision is to move toward greater decentralized autonomy, similar to what a DAO offers. This means that as GalaChain evolves, Gala wishes to see control over the ecosystem gradually shift more toward the community, aligning with the ultimate goal of decentralization.
Even if Founder’s Node operators do not technically represent a DAO themselves, the goal is to see GalaChain channel creators ultimately having the ability to create DAOs for their project, platform, service, etc. We are creating a secure and scalable web3 ecosystem built on a layer-1 blockchain with the power to host numerous community-created DAOs.
In summary, while Gala isn’t a DAO in the strictest sense today, it embodies many DAO principles and is progressing toward a future where the community could have even more say in the governance and direction of the ecosystem.
Thanks for reading our latest web3 explainer article! Hopefully you learned a little something!
In the simplest terms, a hash is like a digital fingerprint for data.
Imagine you have a piece of information—a document, a photo or even a piece of text. When you run this information through a hash function (a specific type of algorithm), it generates a unique string of characters called a hash. No matter the size of the original data, the resulting hash is always of a fixed length. This is a key feature of hash functions: They condense data into a fixed-size output.
Think of it like shredding a document and then encoding the resulting pile of shredded paper into a fixed-sized box. No matter how long or short the original document was, the box is always the same size, and it’s nearly impossible to reconstruct the original document from the box alone. Similarly, it’s computationally infeasible to revert a hash back into its original data.
Hashes are foundational to many blockchain technologies, including cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. They are integral to how blockchain ensures the integrity and security of data. Here are some key reasons why hashes are so important in Web3:
Data Integrity: Hashes ensure that the data hasn’t been altered. When data is hashed, even the slightest change in the input (like changing a single letter in a text) will produce a completely different hash. This makes it easy to detect tampering or corruption.
The decentralized internet as we know it is possible through the use of hash functions, as demonstrated by the Interplanetary File System and its distributed hash table. IPFS uses hash functions to verify the integrity of all data shared to what has become known as the decentralized internet. In fact, Gala Founder’s Nodes power a large portion of this data, giving the Gala ecosystem a large share in the responsibility of web3’s future.
Blockchain Security: In blockchain, hashes are used to link blocks of data together. Each block contains the hash of the previous block, forming a chain. If someone tries to alter the data in a block, the hash of that block changes, which then changes the hash of the subsequent block, and so on. This makes it extremely difficult to alter any information in the blockchain without detection.
Efficient Data Storage: Hashes allow large amounts of data to be represented by a small, fixed-size string. This makes storing and verifying data in blockchain systems much more efficient.
Proof of Work: In cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, hash functions are used in the mining process. Miners compete to find a hash that meets certain criteria (e.g., it must start with a certain number of zeros), which requires computational power. This process, known as “proof of work,” secures the network and adds new blocks to the blockchain.
How Hashes Work
To dive a bit deeper, let’s explore how a hash function works. A common hash function used in blockchain is SHA-256 (Secure Hash Algorithm 256-bit). When you input data into SHA-256, it generates a 256-bit (or 64-character) hash. No matter what data you input—a single letter or an entire book—the output is always 64 characters long.
For example:
The text “Hello, World!” might hash to something like a591a6d40bf420404a011733cfb7b190d62c65bf0bcda32b575a0f76c6e53a2e.
If you change it to “Hello, world!” (note the lowercase ‘w’), the hash could be 64ec88ca00b268e5ba1a35678a1b5316d212f4f366b247724e663cd0da0927d5.
This dramatic change in the hash output despite a minor change in input is known as the “avalanche effect,” a property that makes hash functions extremely secure, reliable and suitable for blockchain technology.
Hashes are used in various Web3 applications beyond just cryptocurrencies:
Smart Contracts: Smart contracts often use hashes to verify the integrity of data or ensure that certain conditions have been met.
Digital Signatures: When sending transactions on a blockchain, digital signatures use hash functions to securely sign and verify the authenticity of messages.
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs): NFTs often include metadata that is hashed to ensure the data related to the token (like the digital artwork it represents) remains unchanged.
In the world of Web3, hashes are like the glue that holds everything together. They ensure data integrity, provide security, and allow for efficient data handling. Whether you’re dealing with cryptocurrencies, smart contracts, or NFTs, understanding hashes is crucial to grasping how the blockchain works.
Hopefully this quick explainer article has helped you advance your understanding of the tech behind the web3 world. Until next time!
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is transforming the financial system by using blockchain technology to remove intermediaries. Learn how it differs from traditional finance and the potential it offers for a more transparent and inclusive financial future.
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Liquidity is a key concept in Web3, enabling smooth and efficient trading of crypto assets. Learn how liquidity pools and liquidity providers make decentralized platforms work.
Proof of Stake (PoS) is a consensus mechanism used in blockchain networks to validate transactions and create new blocks.
Unlike the Proof of Work (PoW) system, which relies on computational power to solve complex mathematical problems, PoS selects validators based on the number of tokens they hold and are willing to “stake” as collateral.
Simplifying Proof of Stake
Imagine a school raffle where students can buy tickets to win a prize. The more tickets a student buys, the higher their chances of winning. However, if a student is caught trying to cheat by using fake tickets, they lose all their tickets and are banned from future raffles. This is similar to how PoS works: the more coins you stake, the higher your chance of being selected to validate transactions, but you risk losing your stake if you act dishonestly.
One of the primary advantages of PoS over PoW is its energy efficiency. PoS does not require miners to use vast amounts of electricity to solve puzzles, making it a greener alternative. This will be explored below in greater detail.
Security and Decentralization
By requiring validators to put up their own funds, PoS aligns the interests of validators with the network’s security. This typically ensures that validators have a level of financial commitment to the blockchain proportional to the weight of their validating actions.
Validators are incentivized to act honestly because they risk losing their staked coins if they attempt to cheat the system. This mechanism helps maintain decentralization, as it lowers the barrier to entry compared to PoW systems, which often require expensive mining hardware.
Scalability
PoS systems can handle more transactions per second (TPS) compared to PoW systems. This increased scalability is crucial for the broader adoption of blockchain technology, as it allows networks to support a growing number of users and applications without compromising performance. Proof of Stake is the main reason that newer blockchains than Bitcoin have been able to implement a transactional approach for a wider variety of activities. When more transactions are possible, the blockchain can be used as more than a simple ledger that keeps track of token transfers.
In PoS, validators are chosen to create new blocks based on the number of coins they have staked. To become a validator, one must lock up a certain amount of cryptocurrency in the network. This locked-up amount is known as the “stake,” and the action of locking these tokens is generally referred to as “staking.”
Validator Selection
In a typical Proof of Stake system, validators are selected randomly, but the likelihood of being chosen is proportional to the amount of stake they hold. This process is often compared to a lottery, where each coin staked acts like a lottery ticket—the more tickets you have, the higher your chances of winning.
Once chosen, a validator checks the transactions within a block to ensure they are legitimate. Once the validator correctly validates the block they receive a reward, usually in the form of additional cryptocurrency. If they validate a fraudulent transaction, they lose a portion of their staked coins, a process known as “slashing.”
Consensus
Other validators in the network then verify the block. If most agree that the block is valid, it is added to the blockchain. This collective verification process ensures the integrity and security of the blockchain.
Advantages of Proof of Stake
Reduced Centralization
PoS reduces the risk of centralization found in PoW systems, where mining power can become concentrated in the hands of a few entities with the most powerful hardware. In PoS, even those with smaller amounts of cryptocurrency can participate in the validation process, promoting a more distributed network.
Lower Barriers to Entry
Becoming a validator in a PoS system typically requires less initial investment compared to the hardware and energy costs associated with PoW mining. This accessibility encourages more participants, enhancing the network’s decentralization.
Economic Incentives
Validators earn rewards in the form of transaction fees and newly minted coins. This economic incentive aligns validators’ interests with the health and security of the network, as they have a financial stake in its success.
The Energy Efficiency of Proof of Stake
Why Proof of Work is Energy-Intensive
Proof of Work (PoW) requires miners to solve complex mathematical puzzles to validate transactions and create new blocks. This process, known as mining, involves a significant amount of computational power. As miners compete to solve these puzzles, they use large amounts of electricity to power their specialized hardware, leading to substantial energy consumption. This is particularly true for major cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, where the difficulty of these puzzles increases over time, demanding even more computational resources and energy.
Proof of Stake (PoS) eliminates the need for energy-intensive mining. Instead of solving complex puzzles, validators are selected based on the number of coins they hold and are willing to stake. This selection process requires minimal computational power. Here’s why PoS is more energy-efficient:
No Complex Calculations: PoS does not rely on solving complex puzzles, which are the primary driver of high energy consumption in PoW systems.
Reduced Hardware Requirements: PoS validators do not need powerful, energy-hungry hardware to participate in the network. Standard computers can serve as validators, significantly lowering energy usage.
Fixed Energy Use: The energy consumption in a PoS system is relatively constant and low, regardless of the number of validators, as it primarily involves basic computational tasks rather than intensive calculations.
Scalability: PoS systems can scale more efficiently than PoW systems. As the network grows, adding more validators does not proportionally increase energy consumption.
On GalaChain
GalaChain is built on Hyperledger Fabric, using a hybrid consensus model which includes Proof of Stake.
To learn more about how GalaChain is built or to explore the possibility of developing a project of your own on this speedy, scalable and secure L1 blockchain, check out GalaChain’s SDK or apply as a Creator at the Gala Creators Portal.
Real-World Impact
The transition from PoW to PoS can lead to a dramatic reduction in the energy footprint of blockchain networks. For example, Ethereum’s shift to PoS with its Ethereum 2.0 upgrade is expected to reduce the network’s energy consumption by over 99%. This makes PoS a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option, aligning with global efforts to reduce carbon emissions and promote green technologies.
Proof of Stake represents a significant evolution in blockchain technology, offering solutions to many of the challenges faced by Proof of Work. Its energy efficiency, scalability, and economic incentives make it a compelling choice for new blockchain projects. As the web3 ecosystem continues to grow, PoS will likely play a crucial role in ensuring secure, efficient, and decentralized networks.